Beyond accessing model attributes directly via their field names (e.g. `model.foobar`), models can be converted, dumped,
serialized, and exported in a number of ways. Serialization can be customized for the whole model, or on a per-field
or per-type basis.

:::accordion{title="Serialize versus dump"}
Pydantic uses the terms "serialize" and "dump" interchangeably. Both refer to the process of converting a model to a
dictionary or JSON-encoded string.

Outside of Pydantic, the word "serialize" usually refers to converting in-memory data into a string or bytes.
However, in the context of Pydantic, there is a very close relationship between converting an object from a more
structured form — such as a Pydantic model, a dataclass, etc. — into a less structured form comprised of
Python built-ins such as dict.

While we could (and on occasion, do) distinguish between these scenarios by using the word "dump" when converting to
primitives and "serialize" when converting to string, for practical purposes, we frequently use the word "serialize"
to refer to both of these situations, even though it does not always imply conversion to a string or bytes.
:::

:::callout{intent="tip"}
Want to quickly jump to the relevant serializer section?

- Field serializer

  ***

  - [field _plain_ serializer](#field-plain-serializer)
  - [field _wrap_ serializer](#field-wrap-serializer)

- Model serializer

  ***

  - [model _plain_ serializer](#model-plain-serializer)
  - [model _wrap_ serializer](#model-wrap-serializer)
:::

## Serializing data

Pydantic allows models (and any other type using [type adapters](/guides/concepts-type-adapter)) to be serialized in _two_ modes:
[Python](#python-mode) and [JSON](#json-mode). The Python output may contain non-JSON serializable data (although this
can be emulated).

[]()

### Python mode

When using the Python mode, Pydantic models (and model-like types such as dataclasses) (1) will be (recursively) converted to dictionaries. This is achievable by using the [`model_dump()`](/guides/pydantic-base-model) method:

1. With the exception of [root models](/guides/concepts-models#rootmodel-and-custom-root-types), where the root value is dumped directly.

```python
from pydantic import BaseModel, Field


class BarModel(BaseModel):
    whatever: tuple[int, ...]


class FooBarModel(BaseModel):
    banana: float | None = 1.1
    foo: str = Field(serialization_alias='foo_alias')
    bar: BarModel


m = FooBarModel(banana=3.14, foo='hello', bar={'whatever': (1, 2)})

# returns a dictionary:
print(m.model_dump())
#> {'banana': 3.14, 'foo': 'hello', 'bar': {'whatever': (1, 2)}}

print(m.model_dump(by_alias=True))
#> {'banana': 3.14, 'foo_alias': 'hello', 'bar': {'whatever': (1, 2)}}
```

Notice that the value of `whatever` was dumped as tuple, which isn't a known JSON type. The `mode` argument can be set to `'json'`
to ensure JSON-compatible types are used:

```python
print(m.model_dump(mode='json'))
#> {'banana': 3.14, 'foo': 'hello', 'bar': {'whatever': [1, 2]}}
```

:::callout{intent="info" title="See also"}
The [`TypeAdapter.dump_python()`](/guides/pydantic-type-adapter) method, useful when _not_ dealing with Pydantic models.
:::

[]()

### JSON mode

Pydantic allows data to be serialized directly to a JSON-encoded string, by trying its best to convert Python values to valid
JSON data. This is achievable by using the [`model_dump_json()`](/guides/pydantic-base-model) method:

```python
from datetime import datetime

from pydantic import BaseModel


class BarModel(BaseModel):
    whatever: tuple[int, ...]


class FooBarModel(BaseModel):
    foo: datetime
    bar: BarModel


m = FooBarModel(foo=datetime(2032, 6, 1, 12, 13, 14), bar={'whatever': (1, 2)})

print(m.model_dump_json(indent=2))
"""
{
  "foo": "2032-06-01T12:13:14",
  "bar": {
    "whatever": [
      1,
      2
    ]
  }
}
"""
```

In addition to the supported types by the standard library `json` module, Pydantic supports a wide
variety of types (date and time types, `UUID` objects, sets, etc). If an unsupported type
is used and can't be serialized to JSON, a [`PydanticSerializationError`](/guides/pydantic-core-pydantic-core) exception
is raised.

A serialization error like this often only shows up when a particular object reaches the point of being
serialized (commonly when building a response), so it can be easy to miss until it happens in
production. Like any exception, it's captured by [Logfire](/guides/integrations-logfire) if you've
instrumented your application, in the context of the request that triggered it, and grouped with other
occurrences so you can tell a one-off from a recurring problem.

:::callout{intent="info" title="See also"}
The [`TypeAdapter.dump_json()`](/guides/pydantic-type-adapter) method, useful when _not_ dealing with Pydantic models.
:::

[]()

## Iterating over models

Pydantic models can also be iterated over, yielding `(field_name, field_value)` pairs. Note that field values
are left as is, so sub-models will _not_ be converted to dictionaries:

```python
from pydantic import BaseModel


class BarModel(BaseModel):
    whatever: int


class FooBarModel(BaseModel):
    banana: float
    foo: str
    bar: BarModel


m = FooBarModel(banana=3.14, foo='hello', bar={'whatever': 123})

for name, value in m:
    print(f'{name}: {value}')
    #> banana: 3.14
    #> foo: hello
    #> bar: whatever=123
```

This means that calling `dict()` on a model can be used to construct a dictionary of the model:

```python
print(dict(m))
#> {'banana': 3.14, 'foo': 'hello', 'bar': BarModel(whatever=123)}
```

:::callout{intent="note"}
[Root models](/guides/concepts-models#rootmodel-and-custom-root-types) _does_ get converted to a dictionary with the key `'root'`.
:::

[]()

## Pickling support

Pydantic models support efficient pickling and unpickling.

```python
import pickle

from pydantic import BaseModel


class FooBarModel(BaseModel):
    a: str
    b: int


m = FooBarModel(a='hello', b=123)
print(m)
#> a='hello' b=123
data = pickle.dumps(m)
print(data[:20])
#> b'\x80\x04\x95\x95\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x8c\x08__main_'
m2 = pickle.loads(data)
print(m2)
#> a='hello' b=123
```

[]()

## Serializers

Similar to [custom validators](/guides/concepts-validators), you can leverage custom serializers at the field and model levels to further
control the serialization behavior.

:::callout{intent="warning"}
Only _one_ serializer can be defined per field/model. It is not possible to combine multiple serializers together
(including _plain_ and _wrap_ serializers).
:::

### Field serializers

:::accordion{title="API Documentation"}
[`pydantic.functional_serializers.PlainSerializer`](/guides/pydantic-functional-serializers)

[`pydantic.functional_serializers.WrapSerializer`](/guides/pydantic-functional-serializers)

[`pydantic.functional_serializers.field_serializer`](/guides/pydantic-functional-serializers)
:::

In its simplest form, a field serializer is a callable taking the value to be serialized as an argument and
**returning the serialized value**.

If the `return_type` argument is provided to the serializer (or if a return type annotation is available on the serializer function),
it will be used to build an extra serializer, to ensure that the serialized field value complies with this return type.

**Two** different types of serializers can be used. They can all be defined using the
[annotated pattern](/guides/concepts-fields#the-annotated-pattern) or using the
`@field_serializer` decorator, applied on instance or static methods.

- **_Plain_ serializers**: are called unconditionally to serialize a field. The serialization logic for types supported
  by Pydantic will _not_ be called. Using such serializers is also useful to specify the logic for arbitrary types.

  \=== "Annotated pattern"

  ````
    ```python
    from typing import Annotated, Any

    from pydantic import BaseModel, PlainSerializer


    def ser_number(value: Any) -> Any:
        if isinstance(value, int):
            return value * 2
        else:
            return value


    class Model(BaseModel):
        number: Annotated[int, PlainSerializer(ser_number)]


    print(Model(number=4).model_dump())
    #> {'number': 8}
    m = Model(number=1)
    m.number = 'invalid'
    print(m.model_dump())  # (1)!
    #> {'number': 'invalid'}
    ```

    1. Pydantic will *not* validate that the serialized value complies with the `int` type.
  ````

  \=== "Decorator"

  ````
    ```python
    from typing import Any

    from pydantic import BaseModel, field_serializer


    class Model(BaseModel):
        number: int

        @field_serializer('number', mode='plain')  # (1)!
        def ser_number(self, value: Any) -> Any:
            if isinstance(value, int):
                return value * 2
            else:
                return value


    print(Model(number=4).model_dump())
    #> {'number': 8}
    m = Model(number=1)
    m.number = 'invalid'
    print(m.model_dump())  # (2)!
    #> {'number': 'invalid'}
    ```

    1. `'plain'` is the default mode for the decorator, and can be omitted.
    2. Pydantic will *not* validate that the serialized value complies with the `int` type.
  ````

- **_Wrap_ serializers**: give more flexibility to customize the serialization behavior. You can run code before or after
  the Pydantic serialization logic.

  Such serializers must be defined with a **mandatory** extra _handler_ parameter: a callable taking the value to be serialized
  as an argument. Internally, this handler will delegate serialization of the value to Pydantic. You are free to _not_ call the
  handler at all.

  \=== "Annotated pattern"

  ````
    ```python
    from typing import Annotated, Any

    from pydantic import BaseModel, SerializerFunctionWrapHandler, WrapSerializer


    def ser_number(value: Any, handler: SerializerFunctionWrapHandler) -> int:
        return handler(value) + 1


    class Model(BaseModel):
        number: Annotated[int, WrapSerializer(ser_number)]


    print(Model(number=4).model_dump())
    #> {'number': 5}
    ```
  ````

  \=== "Decorator"

  ````
    ```python
    from typing import Any

    from pydantic import BaseModel, SerializerFunctionWrapHandler, field_serializer


    class Model(BaseModel):
        number: int

        @field_serializer('number', mode='wrap')
        def ser_number(
            self, value: Any, handler: SerializerFunctionWrapHandler
        ) -> int:
            return handler(value) + 1


    print(Model(number=4).model_dump())
    #> {'number': 5}
    ```
  ````

#### Which serializer pattern to use

While both approaches can achieve the same thing, each pattern provides different benefits.

##### Using the annotated pattern

One of the key benefits of using the [annotated pattern](/guides/concepts-fields#the-annotated-pattern) is to make
serializers reusable:

```python
from typing import Annotated

from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, PlainSerializer

DoubleNumber = Annotated[int, PlainSerializer(lambda v: v * 2)]


class Model1(BaseModel):
    my_number: DoubleNumber


class Model2(BaseModel):
    other_number: Annotated[DoubleNumber, Field(description='My other number')]


class Model3(BaseModel):
    list_of_even_numbers: list[DoubleNumber]  # (1)!
```

1. As mentioned in the [annotated pattern](/guides/concepts-fields#the-annotated-pattern) documentation,
   we can also make use of serializers for specific parts of the annotation (in this case,
   serialization is applied for list items, but not the whole list).

It is also easier to understand which serializers are applied to a type, by just looking at the field annotation.

##### Using the decorator pattern

One of the key benefits of using the `@field_serializer` decorator is to apply
the function to multiple fields:

```python
from pydantic import BaseModel, field_serializer


class Model(BaseModel):
    f1: str
    f2: str

    @field_serializer('f1', 'f2', mode='plain')
    def capitalize(self, value: str) -> str:
        return value.capitalize()
```

Here are a couple additional notes about the decorator usage:

- If you want the serializer to apply to all fields (including the ones defined in subclasses), you can pass
  `'*'` as the field name argument.
- By default, the decorator will ensure the provided field name(s) are defined on the model. If you want to
  disable this check during class creation, you can do so by passing `False` to the `check_fields` argument.
  This is useful when the field serializer is defined on a base class, and the field is expected to exist on
  subclasses.

### Model serializers

:::accordion{title="API Documentation"}
[`pydantic.functional_serializers.model_serializer`](/guides/pydantic-functional-serializers)
:::

Serialization can also be customized on the entire model using the `@model_serializer`
decorator.

If the `return_type` argument is provided to the `@model_serializer` decorator
(or if a return type annotation is available on the serializer function), it will be used to build an extra serializer,
to ensure that the serialized model value complies with this return type.

As with [field serializers](#field-serializers), **two** different types of model serializers can be used:

- **_Plain_ serializers**: are called unconditionally to serialize the model.

  ```python
  from pydantic import BaseModel, model_serializer


  class UserModel(BaseModel):
      username: str
      password: str

      @model_serializer(mode='plain')  # (1)!
      def serialize_model(self) -> str:  # (2)!
          return f'{self.username} - {self.password}'


  print(UserModel(username='foo', password='bar').model_dump())
  #> foo - bar
  ```

  ```
  1. `'plain'` is the default mode for the decorator, and can be omitted.
  2. You are free to return a value that *isn't* a dictionary. However, note that this may cause
     type checking issues (as the return type of [`model_dump()`](/guides/pydantic-base-model)
     is `dict[str, Any]`).
  ```

- **_Wrap_ serializers**: give more flexibility to customize the serialization behavior. You can run code before or after
  the Pydantic serialization logic.

  Such serializers must be defined with a **mandatory** extra _handler_ parameter: a callable taking the instance of the model
  as an argument. Internally, this handler will delegate serialization of the model to Pydantic. You are free to _not_ call the
  handler at all.

  ````
  ```python
  from pydantic import BaseModel, SerializerFunctionWrapHandler, model_serializer


  class UserModel(BaseModel):
      username: str
      password: str

      @model_serializer(mode='wrap')
      def serialize_model(
          self, handler: SerializerFunctionWrapHandler
      ) -> dict[str, object]:
          serialized = handler(self)
          serialized['fields'] = list(serialized)
          return serialized


  print(UserModel(username='foo', password='bar').model_dump())
  #> {'username': 'foo', 'password': 'bar', 'fields': ['username', 'password']}
  ```
  ````

## Serialization info

Both the field and model serializers callables (in all modes) can optionally take an extra `info` argument,
providing useful extra information, such as:

- [user defined context](#serialization-context)
- the current serialization mode: either `'python'` or `'json'` (see the `mode` property)
- the various parameters set during serialization using the [serialization methods](#serializing-data)
  (e.g. `exclude_unset`, `serialize_as_any`)
- the current field name, if using a [field serializer](#field-serializers) (see the
  `field_name` property).

### Serialization context

You can pass a context object to the [serialization methods](#serializing-data), which can be accessed
inside the serializer functions using the `context` property:

```python
from pydantic import BaseModel, FieldSerializationInfo, field_serializer


class Model(BaseModel):
    text: str

    @field_serializer('text', mode='plain')
    @classmethod
    def remove_stopwords(cls, v: str, info: FieldSerializationInfo) -> str:
        if isinstance(info.context, dict):
            stopwords = info.context.get('stopwords', set())
            v = ' '.join(w for w in v.split() if w.lower() not in stopwords)
        return v


model = Model(text='This is an example document')
print(model.model_dump())  # no context
#> {'text': 'This is an example document'}
print(model.model_dump(context={'stopwords': ['this', 'is', 'an']}))
#> {'text': 'example document'}
```

Similarly, you can [use a context for validation](/guides/concepts-validators#validation-context).

## Serializing subclasses

[]()

### Subclasses of supported types

Subclasses of supported types are serialized according to their super class:

```python
from datetime import date

from pydantic import BaseModel


class MyDate(date):
    @property
    def my_date_format(self) -> str:
        return self.strftime('%d/%m/%Y')


class FooModel(BaseModel):
    date: date


m = FooModel(date=MyDate(2023, 1, 1))
print(m.model_dump_json())
#> {"date":"2023-01-01"}
```

[]()

### Subclasses of model-like types

When using model-like classes (Pydantic models, [dataclasses](/guides/concepts-dataclasses), etc.) as field annotations,
the default behavior is to serialize the field value as though it was an instance of the class used as the
annotation, even if it is a subclass. More specifically, only the fields declared on the type annotation
will be included in the serialization result:

```python
from pydantic import BaseModel


class User(BaseModel):
    name: str


class UserLogin(User):
    password: str


class OuterModel(BaseModel):
    user: User


user = UserLogin(name='pydantic', password='hunter2')

m = OuterModel(user=user)
print(m)
#> user=UserLogin(name='pydantic', password='hunter2')
print(m.model_dump())  # (1)!
#> {'user': {'name': 'pydantic'}}
```

1. Note: the password field is not included

:::callout{intent="warning" title="Migration Warning"}
This behavior is different from how things worked in Pydantic V1, where we would always include
all (subclass) fields when recursively serializing models to dictionaries. The motivation behind this change
in behavior is that it helps ensure that you know precisely which fields could be included when serializing,
even if subclasses get passed when instantiating the object. In particular, this can help prevent surprises
when adding sensitive information like secrets as fields of subclasses. To enable the old V1 behavior, refer
to the next section.
:::

[]()

### Polymorphic serialization

:::callout{intent="note" title="v2.13"}
Polymorphic serialization was added as a better alternative to the [serialize as any](#serializing-as-any) behavior, and only
applies to Pydantic models and Pydantic dataclasses.
:::

Polymorphic serialization is the behavior of serializing a model (or [Pydantic dataclass](/guides/concepts-dataclasses)) instance
according to the serialization schema of such instance, rather that the schema of the class used as the type.
This will expose all the data defined on the subclass in the serialized payload.

This behavior can be configured in the following ways:

- Configuration level: use the [`polymorphic_serialization`](/guides/pydantic-config) setting
  in the model/dataclass [configuration](/guides/concepts-config). The configuration should be set on the class that should be polymorphic,
  not on the class that references polymorphic classes.

- Runtime level: use the `polymorphic_serialization` argument when calling the [serialization methods](#serializing-data).
  This will apply to all (nested) types, overriding any configuration.

:::callout{intent="note" title="Duck-typed serialization"}
This behavior (and the ["any" serialization](#serializing-as-any) discussed below) was previously referred
to as duck-typed serialization. This was a misnomer; it did not function like
[duck typing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_typing) in the conventional programming language sense.
:::

:::callout{intent="warning"}
Polymorphic serialization is only supported for Pydantic models and [Pydantic dataclasses](/guides/concepts-dataclasses).
When using standard library dataclasses, polymorphic serialization is _not_ supported,
even if the dataclass is a subclass of a Pydantic dataclass. This may be fixed in a future Pydantic release.
:::

The example below defines a type `User` and a subclass of it, `UserLogin`. A second pair of types, `PolymorphicUser`
and `PolymorphicUserLogin` are defined as equivalents with `polymorphic_serialization` enabled.

We can then see the effect of serializing each of these types, and the interaction of this config with the runtime
`polymorphic_serialization` setting:

```python
from pydantic import BaseModel


class User(BaseModel):  # (1)!
    name: str


class UserLogin(User):
    password: str


class OuterModel(BaseModel):
    user: User


outer_model = OuterModel(
    user=UserLogin(name='pydantic', password='password'),
)


print(outer_model.model_dump())  # (2)!
#> {'user': {'name': 'pydantic'}}
print(outer_model.model_dump(polymorphic_serialization=True))  # (3)!
#> {'user': {'name': 'pydantic', 'password': 'password'}}
```

1. The `polymorphic_serialization` configuration would be set on this model to get the same behavior as the
   runtime setting below.
2. With polymorphic serialization disabled, `user` serializes as the base type.
3. With polymorphic serialization enabled, `user` serializes as the actual runtime subclass.

As seen in the example, by having polymorphic serialization enabled, the `User.model_dump()` method will by respect the value
of the `UserLogin` subclass when it is provided instead of a `User` value, and serialize the full `UserLogin` type. This
behavior can be globally overridden with the `polymorphic_serialization` runtime setting; in this case setting it to `False`
causes the `UserLogin` value to serialize just as a `User` value, ignoring the subclass' `password` field.

## Serializing "as Any"

A more extreme form of [polymorphic serialization](#polymorphic-serialization) is "any" serialization. In this
mode, Pydantic does _not_ make use of any type annotation (more precisely, the serialization schema derived from
the type) to infer how the value should be serialized, but instead inspects the actual type of the value at runtime
to do so (and this applies to _all_ types, not only Pydantic models and dataclasses).

This means that every value will be serialized exactly based on its runtime type and any knowledge Pydantic has
of how to serialize the type. Pydantic can infer how to serialize the following types:

- Many Python standard library types (exact set may be expanded depending on Pydantic version).
- Types with a `__pydantic_serializer__` attribute.
- Any type serializable with the `fallback` function passed as an argument to [serialization methods](#serializing-data).

In most cases, you will want to use the [polymorphic serialization](#polymorphic-serialization) behavior instead.

This behavior can be configured at the field level and at runtime, for a specific serialization call:

- Field level: use the [`SerializeAsAny`](/guides/pydantic-functional-serializers) annotation.
- Runtime level: use the `serialize_as_any` argument when calling the [serialization methods](#serializing-data).

These options are discussed below in more detail.

### `SerializeAsAny` annotation

If you want duck typing serialization behavior, this can be done using the
[`SerializeAsAny`](/guides/pydantic-functional-serializers) annotation
on a type:

```python
from pydantic import BaseModel, SerializeAsAny


class User(BaseModel):
    name: str


class UserLogin(User):
    password: str


class OuterModel(BaseModel):
    as_any: SerializeAsAny[User]
    as_user: User


user = UserLogin(name='pydantic', password='password')

print(OuterModel(as_any=user, as_user=user).model_dump())
"""
{
    'as_any': {'name': 'pydantic', 'password': 'password'},
    'as_user': {'name': 'pydantic'},
}
"""
```

When a type is annotated as `SerializeAsAny[<type>]`, the validation behavior will be the same as if it was
annotated as `<type>`, and static type checkers will treat the annotation as if it was simply `<type>`.
When serializing, the field will be serialized as though the type hint for the field was `Any`,
which is where the name comes from.

### `serialize_as_any` runtime setting

The `serialize_as_any` runtime setting can be used to serialize model data with or without duck typed serialization behavior.
`serialize_as_any` can be passed as a keyword argument to the various [serialization methods](#serializing-data) (such as
[`model_dump()`](/guides/pydantic-base-model) and [`model_dump_json()`](/guides/pydantic-base-model) on Pydantic models).

```python
from pydantic import BaseModel


class User(BaseModel):
    name: str


class UserLogin(User):
    password: str


class OuterModel(BaseModel):
    user1: User
    user2: User


user = UserLogin(name='pydantic', password='password')

outer_model = OuterModel(user1=user, user2=user)
print(outer_model.model_dump(serialize_as_any=True))  # (1)!
"""
{
    'user1': {'name': 'pydantic', 'password': 'password'},
    'user2': {'name': 'pydantic', 'password': 'password'},
}
"""

print(outer_model.model_dump(serialize_as_any=False))  # (2)!
#> {'user1': {'name': 'pydantic'}, 'user2': {'name': 'pydantic'}}
```

1. With `serialize_as_any` set to `True`, the result matches that of V1.
2. With `serialize_as_any` set to `False` (the V2 default), fields present on the subclass,
   but not the base class, are not included in serialization.

However, do note that the _serialize as any_ behavior will apply to _all_ values, not only the values where duck typing
is relevant. You may want to prefer using the `SerializeAsAny` annotation when required instead.

[]()
[]()

## Field inclusion and exclusion

For serialization, field inclusion and exclusion can be configured in two ways:

- at the field level, using the `exclude` and `exclude_if` parameters on [the `Field()` function](/guides/concepts-fields).
- using the various serialization parameters on the [serialization methods](#serializing-data).

### At the field level

At the field level, the `exclude` and `exclude_if` parameters can be used:

```python
from pydantic import BaseModel, Field


class Transaction(BaseModel):
    id: int
    private_id: int = Field(exclude=True)
    value: int = Field(ge=0, exclude_if=lambda v: v == 0)


print(Transaction(id=1, private_id=2, value=0).model_dump())
#> {'id': 1}
```

Exclusion at the field level takes priority over the `include` serialization parameter described below.

### As parameters to the serialization methods

When using the [serialization methods](#serializing-data) (such as [`model_dump()`](/guides/pydantic-base-model)),
several parameters can be used to exclude or include fields.

#### Excluding and including specific fields

Consider the following models:

```python
from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, SecretStr


class User(BaseModel):
    id: int
    username: str
    password: SecretStr


class Transaction(BaseModel):
    id: str
    private_id: str = Field(exclude=True)
    user: User
    value: int


t = Transaction(
    id='1234567890',
    private_id='123',
    user=User(id=42, username='JohnDoe', password='hashedpassword'),
    value=9876543210,
)
```

The `exclude` parameter can be used to specify which fields should be excluded (including the others), and vice-versa
using the `include` parameter.

```python
# using a set:
print(t.model_dump(exclude={'user', 'value'}))
#> {'id': '1234567890'}

# using a dictionary:
print(t.model_dump(exclude={'user': {'username', 'password'}, 'value': True}))
#> {'id': '1234567890', 'user': {'id': 42}}

# same configuration using `include`:
print(t.model_dump(include={'id': True, 'user': {'id'}}))
#> {'id': '1234567890', 'user': {'id': 42}}
```

Note that using `False` to _include_ a field in `exclude` (or to _exclude_ a field in `include`) is not supported.

It is also possible to exclude or include specific items from sequence and dictionaries:

```python
from pydantic import BaseModel


class Hobby(BaseModel):
    name: str
    info: str


class User(BaseModel):
    hobbies: list[Hobby]


user = User(
    hobbies=[
        Hobby(name='Programming', info='Writing code and stuff'),
        Hobby(name='Gaming', info='Hell Yeah!!!'),
    ],
)

print(user.model_dump(exclude={'hobbies': {-1: {'info'}}}))  # (1)!
"""
{
    'hobbies': [
        {'name': 'Programming', 'info': 'Writing code and stuff'},
        {'name': 'Gaming'},
    ]
}
"""
```

1. The equivalent call with `include` would be:

   ```python
   user.model_dump(
      include={'hobbies': {0: True, -1: {'name'}}}
   )
   ```

The special key `'__all__'` can be used to apply an exclusion/inclusion pattern to all members:

```python
print(user.model_dump(exclude={'hobbies': {'__all__': {'info'}}}))
#> {'hobbies': [{'name': 'Programming'}, {'name': 'Gaming'}]}
```

#### Excluding and including fields based on their value

When using the [serialization methods](#serializing-data), it is possible to exclude fields based on their value,
using the following parameters:

- `exclude_defaults`: Exclude all fields whose value compares equal to the default value
  (using the equality (`==`) comparison operator).
- `exclude_none`: Exclude all fields whose value is `None`.
- `exclude_unset`: Pydantic keeps track of fields that were _explicitly_ set during instantiation (using the
  [`model_fields_set`](/guides/pydantic-base-model) property). Using `exclude_unset`, any field that
  was not explicitly provided will be excluded:

  ```python
  from pydantic import BaseModel


  class UserModel(BaseModel):
      name: str
      age: int = 18


  user = UserModel(name='John')
  print(user.model_fields_set)
  #> {'name'}

  print(user.model_dump(exclude_unset=True))
  #> {'name': 'John'}
  ```

  Note that altering a field _after_ the instance has been created will remove it from the unset fields:

  ```python
  user.age = 21

  print(user.model_dump(exclude_unset=True))
  #> {'name': 'John', 'age': 21}
  ```

  !!! tip
  The [`MISSING` sentinel](/guides/concepts-types#missing-sentinel) can be used as an alternative to `exclude_unset`.
  Any field with `MISSING` as a value is automatically excluded from the serialization output.

## Related pages

- [API Documentation](./api-documentation-index.md)
- [Concepts](./concepts-index.md)
- [Dev Tools](./dev-tools-index.md)
- [Error Messages](./error-messages-index.md)
- [Examples](./examples-index.md)
- [Integrations](./integrations-index.md)
- [Internals](./internals-index.md)
- [Production Tools](./production-tools-index.md)
- [Pydantic](./pydantic-index.md)
- [Pydantic Core](./pydantic-core-index.md)

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